What is nigeria in hausa Traders exchanged gold from the Middle East for leather, crafts, and food. What do Muslims speak in Nigeria? Hausa has emerged as a lingua franca throughout much of West Africa, including Nigeria. Nevertheless, it is not spoken as a first language in the entire country because other languages have been around for over a thousand years making hausa call it Celeryharam ok you dont know it? Re: What Is The Traditional Name For Celery? by LoveKing(m): 11:29pm On Jul 17, 2011; no answer yet? Re: What Is The Traditional Name For Celery? by nikkygal(f): Hausa cuisine is traditional and modern food prepared by Hausa people. What we saw while tracking the Minister's promises. Country. The Hausa Kingdoms' location was in present day northern Nigeria and Niger around the Niger River and Lake Chad. [1] Nigeria has one official language which is English, as a result of the British colonial rule over the nation. Traditionally, they neither look alike nor do they practise thesame culture. Primarily spoken in northern Nigeria and southern Niger, it also has significant communities of speakers in other parts of West Africa and the Sahel, including Ghana, Cameroon, and Sudan. It is now widely understood and used in the same context in Nigerian Pidgin English. With over 40 million native speakers and The Hausa are the largest ethnic group in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is widely spoken among the Hausa people in Nigeria and neighboring countries. Hausa is not only spoken in Nigeria infact the Hausa language is among the top 5 spoken languages in Africa. The aim of the occasion is to unify the Hausa community and provide a platform to reflect on their cultural, economic, social, influence in Nigeria. Beik presents a detailed analysis, partly historical and partly literary, of Hausa theater in Niger. Before the British colonization (1884), there were no inter-religious conflicts, Nigeria in its present borders did not exist as a single nation and the Muslim populations of northern Nigeria lived peacefully in mutual tolerance with the local animist and even Christian minorities. “Shege. Dan wake with Their impact in Nigeria is paramount, as the Hausa-Fulani amalgamation has controlled Nigerian politics for much of its independent history. It is estimated that about 35 million people have Hausa as their first language, and about 20 million speakers use Hausa as their second language. However, the majority of them live in Nigeria. However, despite the division, Hausa language remained an important diplomatic instrument that shapes and reshapes the diplomatic relations between Nigeria and the Niger Republic. The Hausa language is written in Arabic characters, and about one quarter of Hausa words are made up of Arabic. E. The earliest and still valuable source for Hausa plant names in Nigeria is Dalziel (1916) reprised in Dalziel (1937). Their impact in Nigeria is paramount, as the Hausa-Fulani amalgamation has controlled Nigerian politics for much of its independent history. The time coverage for this work ranges from 1900 to 1963. What is Nigeria known for? Nigeria is known for being home to the second largest film industry on the globe Hausa is recognized as an indigenous national language in the constitutions of both Nigeria and Niger. Zobo makers use them because of the aroma and flavor they add to the drink. It isn’t native to us in Africa or Nigeria; hence we do not have an indigenous name for Ashwagandha. The branches of West Chadic go Hausa is a Chadic language spoken by millions of people primarily in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. The capital is now the modern city of Kano in Kano State. For more detailed information on the In Nigeria, Hausa/fulani and Yoruba dey press your button. While one of these names literarily The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east. Hausa communities are also found in Ghana and Togo and in colonies of settlers and traders in large towns in West Africa, including in southern Nigeria itself. Legend holds that Bayajidda, a traveler from the Middle East, married the queen of Daura, from whom came seven sons. Miyan kuka, a soup made from baobab leaves, is a popular dish in northern Nigeria. The document by Cohen focuses on the Hausa in the Sabo section of Ibadan, Nigeria, and their relations with the Yoruba, who are the numerically predominant group in Ibadan. Information available 1. ignorance is a disease The local name of chia seeds in Nigeria is still “chia seed”. The aim of this article is to answer the following questions below: What is bay leaf called in The largest ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa-Fulani, the Yoruba, and the Igbo. The Hausa are a culturally homogeneous people based Hausa is one of the tribes in Nigeria that has some locally made delicacies. Which country speaks Hausa? Hausa people can be found in Niger and Nigeria. Kanuri entered Nigeria from the central Sahara Roger Blench Hausa plant names – Hausa-Latin Circulation version iv 1. The Hausa Kingdoms' time period lasted from approximately 500 to 1808 CE. Hausa is the dominant language across the rest of the northern Nigerian states, as well as those in the Northeast. With roots that The Hausa tribe is a diverse but culturally homogeneous people based primarily in the Sahelian and Sudanian areas of northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger, with significant numbers also living in parts of Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Chad, The Hausa remain preeminent in Niger and northern Nigeria. Hausaland lay between the Western Sudanic kingdoms of Ancient Ghana Empire, Mali and Songhai and the Eastern Sudanic kingdoms of Kanem-Bornu. It is one of the largest languages on the African continent, spoken as a first language by the original Hausa people and by people of Fula ancestry. Endangered. Yoruba . The federal government faces the challenge of preventing the country dividing along ethnic and NigerianDictionary. In Kaduna, the event was organized by the Centre for the Development of Hausa Language. Hausa in Nigeria Hausa in Nigeria. The Hausa cultural perspective, rooted in centuries of trade, The Hausa language is the most popular language in sub-Saharan Africa. The West Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. This is not about the northerners even some parts of Ghana and the Gambia speak Hausa . This game is now a national game and we are Nigeria’s economic potential is a subject of enduring analysis, shaped by the interplay of its diverse cultures and historical legacies. Hundreds of languages are spoken in Nigeria, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Good enough, the Hausa-Fulani knows what power is. It’s of the pea family The Hausa cultures, which as early as the 7th century A. It is the native language of the Yoruba people, a people native to West Africa. How the North press their mumú button. Hausa is one of the major languages of West Africa, belonging to the Chadic family, which is a branch of the broader Afro-Asiatic language group. Which state has the highest number of languages in Nigeria? Cross River State in Nigeria is known for its linguistic diversity, with over Nigeria National symbols. [16] [17] The Hausa are a culturally homogeneous people The Hausa are mainly present in West Africa, most of them living between Nigeria and Niger. The Yoruba language is a member of the Niger Cloves, known in Hausa language as “Kanumfari”, are one of the dried ingredients used to prepare Zobo. " The Hausa have been heavily involved in long distance trading for many centuries. Hausa is also widely spoken in northern Cameroon, Chad, Sudan and the Ivory Coast among Fulani, Tuareg, Kanuri, Gur, Shuwa, Arab and other Afro-Asiatic speaking What is the Hausa Nigerian WhatsApp group? Hausa Nigerians are one of the ethnic groups that live in Nigeria also. They speak the Hausa language, which is the second most spoken language after Arabic in the Afro-Asiatic language family. Language situation. The Hausa language, apart from being the first language of many people in Nigeria and Niger, is an important second language to many communities in surrounding areas. If you stepped into the north once in your life you would know that. Languages. Does soursop grow in Nigeria? The soursop tree can thrive in any tropical region of the world including Nigeria. The Hausa community is very protective of their culture and social interactions. 3 Likes ; Re: The Political Relationship Between Hausa/fulani-ibo And Yoruba-ibo by CivilizedElk901: 6:18pm On Dec 11, 2021; EraseTheDot: Hausa/fulani ( man) and the ibo ( wife). Over time, Hausa and Fulani identities blended, resulting in a unified Hausa-Fulani identity that still exists in modern Northern Nigeria. Some of these popular foods in Hausa nourish the What is the oldest language in Nigeria? Hausa is considered the oldest known written language in West Africa, dating back to before 1000 C. They are one of the Me a hausa person who lives in the US along with many other Hausa families and friends reading this 👁️👄👁️ Y’all genuinely think we’re monolith, we don’t even practice the same religion. They constitute the largest ethnic group in the area, which also contains another large group, the Fulani, perhaps one-half of whom are settled The Hausa people or tribe are an ethnic group that lives in the northwestern region of Nigeria and the southern region of Niger. Hausa people It's essential to know that they are one of the biggest ethnic groups in Africa. Hausa has significant influence from neighboring African languages as well as Arabic, English, and French. The truth is, chia seed originated from India and not from Africa or Nigeria. The Hausa/Fulani territory was renowned for leather works and exported shoes to Spain through trans-saharan trade routes. Fenugreek in Yoruba: The Local name for fenugreek in Yoruba language: ERU. Another 30 percent of Nigeria's population is constituted by Yoruba and Igbo (Ibo), while about six Hausa Cultural Food. Koroso Dance. Over 70 million people speak Hausa as their first language, and several millions more as their second. They include Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and a major language of West Africa. [3] Some Following the 19th Century Jihad of Uthman dan Fodio, the Fulani occupied northern Nigeria, dominated the Hausa states and established the Sokoto Caliphate. The Hausa people’s origins are a complex combination of mythology, migration, and historical events. As of 2015, approximately 50% of Nigerians are Muslims and 48. The Hausa Community is a group of Hausa speaking Muslims from Northern Nigeria. The country has over 50 languages and over 250 dialects and ethnic groups. Having mixed with some tribes, they equally have some members with pure negroe traits among them. It African literature - Hausa, Oral Tradition, Epic Poetry: The first novels written in Hausa were the result of a competition launched in 1933 by the Translation Bureau in northern Nigeria. It is a lingua franca Stereotyping the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba of Nigeria Emeka Felix Onwuegbuzia Stereotyping the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba of Nigeria1 Emeka Felix Onwuegbuzia Department of Linguistics and African Languages University of Ibadan, Critical here is the motif by the side within the circle, which appears to be the Hausa Mai-Dagi (the Star of David) which holds special significance for both the Hausa and non-Hausa peoples in Northern Nigeria. Do they speak French in Nigeria? French is not an official The Hausa (autonyms for singular: Bahaushe (), Bahaushiya (); plural: Hausawa and general: Hausa; [13] exonyms: Ausa; Ajami: مُتَنٜىٰنْ هَوْسَا / هَوْسَاوَا) are a native ethnic group in West Africa. The Hausa people make up around 25% of the population of Nigeria. The Hausa-Fulani Kingdom The Hausa cultures, which as early as the 7th century A. “Shikenan” (often rendered as “shikena” in southern Nigeria), the Hausa term for “that is it,” is now almost universally used in Nigerian (Pidgin) English. Hausa is the majority language of much of northern Nigeria and the neighboring Hausa Koko with Koose. While many of them settled in Northern Nigeria, a majority are also in adjoining south-eastern parts of Niger. The language is primarily spoken among The culture of Nigeria is shaped by Nigeria’s multiple ethnic groups. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu has argued that Islam had reached Sub-Sahara Africa, including Nigeria, as early as the 1st century of Hijrah through Muslim traders and expeditions during the reign of the Arab conqueror, Uqba ibn al Nafia (622–683), whose Islamic conquests under the Umayyad dynasty, during Muawiyah's and The Hausa cultures, which as early as the 7th century A. The name of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa. Some of these delicacies are suitable and eatable by not only them but other tribes in Nigeria. Nigeria, many of them being Muslims, they were constantly attacked and discriminated The main Hausa-speaking area is northern Nigeria and Niger. The VOA is a broadcasting corporation. Each son is reputed to have founded one of Roger Blench Hausa plant names – Hausa-Latin Circulation version iv 1. Basics Names. 👉Scientific name: Withania After around 1000 CE, various kingdoms arose on the territory of today’s Nigeria. They remain one of the largest and The hausa & fulani people are not thesame people. What is the Hausa religion? Most people from this community are devout Muslims. Hausa is also widely spoken in northern Cameroon, Chad, Sudan and the Ivory Coast of Fulani, Tuareg, Kanuri, Gur, Shuwa, Arab and other Afro-Asiatic Hausa (هَوْسَ), also known as Abakwariga, Habe, Haoussa, Hausawa, Kado, and Mgbakpa, belongs to the West Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. So-called Standard Hausa is based on the pan-dialectal koine of Kano (Nigeria), which is the biggest commercial centre in Hausaland. Many WhatsApp groups belong to The top 5 languages spoken in Nigeria are Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulfulde, and Nigerian Pidgin. This dance has an ancient history because it is one of the most famous of all ages in Hausa man's life. In addition, there is a Hausa-speaking community in the Sudan, dating from the British take-over of northern Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century. The dance has a feature where many people wear the same outfit and sculptures and they move their bodies at the same time. Status. The Hausa are the largest ethnic group in all of West Africa. com is a social media network for Nigerian Languages and Culture, where you can post, discover and share Nigerian videos, pictures, words, pronunciations & translations in Nigerian Languages (currently Hausa, Igbo, Hausa Kingdoms, also known as Hausa Kingdom or Hausaland, was a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad (modern day northern Nigeria). Nigeria’s capital is Abuja. They speak Hausa language and mostly practice the Islamic religion. 19. Hausa in Nigeria. The British wanted to The Hausa people are one of the largest ethnic groups found in Africa as well as Nigeria. They believe in Allah and in Muhammad as his prophet. 20. I hope you Hausaland, sometimes referred to as the Hausa Kingdoms, was a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE. Hausa people are known for their hardworking nature. With estimates of their population reaching 67 million, Hausa make up approximately 25% of the Nigerian population. Language status situation. [13] Nigeria is a country located on the western coast of Africa that has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. The Hausa people are an ethnic group native to West Africa, primarily concentrated in the Sahelian region of northern Nigeria and neighboring countries such as Niger, Ghana, Chad, and Cameroon. 1 Like ; Re: Hausa Language On The New BRICS Currency by almarthins(m): 1:37pm On Oct 24; Jagabanbattle: And the UK government acknowledging the What languages are spoken in Hausa? The main language spoken in Hausa is, unsurprisingly, Hausa. 2. Loosely translated from the region's Hausa language, this means "Western education is forbidden". Add to comparison list. - Culture - Nairaland. [1] [2] Koko is made from many grains including millet with a few local spices added to give it a particular taste and color. Hausa is the most widely spoken language, with around 32 percent of Nigerians declaring it as their main family language. Ibos status is wifey status. The Hausa people of Nigeria have rich cultural heritage and traditions. Star anise seeds, commonly used in the production of liquor, are also used as a spice in the preparation of Zobo. Boko originally meant fake but came to signify Western education, while haram means forbidden Nigeria is a very ethnically diverse country with 371 ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Hausa, Yoruba and the Igbo. Contrary to popular belief, the Hausa-Fulani resent a united Nigeria. The Hausa people or tribe are an ethnic group that lives in the northwestern region of Nigeria and the southern region of Niger. Fenugreek is an annual herb with light green leaves and small white flowers. -erase the dot. Do people in Ghana speak Hausa? Hausa is one of Africa’s most commonly spoken languages after Arabic, French, English, Portuguese, and Swahili. Yes, cloves grow in Nigeria where they are locally referred to as Fenugreek in Hausa: KIMBA. Because of this, chia seed has no known Igbo , Yoruba or hausa names. Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba are the major languages in Nigeria and their all have their local names for fenugreek. 65,336,685. [14] [15] They speak the Hausa language, which is the second most spoken language after Arabic in the Afro-Asiatic language family. Introduction This is a guide to the Hausa names of plants, both wild and cultivated. The Yoruba language is spoken by around 18. North Central. There are over 20 million Hausa people in Primarily based in Nigeria and Niger, the Hausa people’s influence extends throughout West Africa, reaching countries like Ghana, Cameroon, and Chad. It is widely used in commercial, governmental, and educational settings, and is also prevalent in the media. Much of this information and subsequent ethnobotanical material is in Burkill (1985, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2004) although the synoptic nature of these publications makes them hard to search. What are the different names of soursop? A native of the warm and tropical regions of the Americas, soursop is a fruit that Ashwagandha in Igbo, Yoruba & Hausa: Withania somnifera in Yoruba, Nigeria – See Benefits. These people have their traditions. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa [1] [2] [3] Three largest ethnic groups, namely the Hausa, Yorubas, and Igbos constitute more than 60% of the population. Other religious groups make up the remaining 2%. Thirty percent of all Hausa can be found in the north and northwest regions of Nigeria, an area known as "Hausaland. So the subgroups were kinda just lumped together even though they rejected an overall Yorùbá identity and saw themselves as separate How many Hausa are in Nigeria? The Hausa are the biggest ethnic group in Nigeria. About half of Niger's population comes from this community, while the Hausa people make up about a fifth of Nigeria's population. The word 'Yorùbá' comes from the Hausa term for the Ọ̀yọ́ empire. (8557 Views) Names Of Animals,insects And Birds In Hausa. Central Nigerian Kingdoms and Empires. Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria Hausa-speaking areas in Nigeria and Niger Roger Blench's (2020) classification of West Chadic B. Amongst the Hausa it is called Aya, the Igbo call it Aki Hausa (because the plant happens to grow better in Northern Nigeria dominated by the Hausa tribe), and the Yoruba call it Ofio. Fulanis are mostly light-skinned, lanky with long hairs. [3]It is called Hausa koko in areas Though the Fulani grew in power, Hausa culture, language, and traditions remained influential. . They remain one of the largest and most historically grounded civilizations in West Africa. Several other species in the genus Withania are morphologically similar. D were smelting iron ore, arose in what is today Other names include: graviola, custard apple, ebo or apekan in Yoruba, fasadarur or tuwon biri in Hausa, and sawansop in Ibo. Gallery. However, many Hausa people also speak English, as it is the official language of Nigeria where the The Hausa (autonyms for singular: Bahaushe (), Bahaushiya (); plural: Hausawa and general: Hausa; exonyms: Ausa; Ajami: مُتَنٜىٰنْ هَوْسَا / هَوْسَاوَا) are a native ethnic group in West Africa. The majority of Hausa speaking people are concentrated in the north of Nigeria and Niger. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani who are predominant in the north, the Igbo who are predominant in the south-east, and the Yoruba who are predominant in the southwest. This country is popular for the presence of multiple cultures. ng has brought you four of the traditional dances in Hausa land: 1. But, It is called karama anta in Hausa, zafua in Arabic and Ashwaganda in Local name for bay leaf in Nigeria (hausa, Igbo, Yoruba). The origins of the Hausa are not known, but one hypothesis suggests they were a group of indigenous peoples joined by a common language - Hausa People in Nigeria: The Paradox of Reality. Hausa are people who live primarily in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Hausa kingdoms in the north prospered on trade between the Berbers of North Africa and the forest peoples to their south. Each son is reputed to have founded one of 1,700 likes, 26 comments - hausa_guy on October 26, 2024: "and Maiduguri in English. The Hausa are a people of the Sahel, mainly established in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. 1% are Christians. It grew into an important center of trade by the 9th Century CE and was flourishing in the 15th Century as Kano became a major center of trade and Islamic culture. They are the main ethnic group in the area, which also has another large ethnic group, the Fulani, who make up almost half of the ruling elite among the Hausa, having acquired the Hausa language and culture. Fenugreek in Yoruba language. D were smelting iron ore, arose in what is today northwestern and north central Nigeria, to Bornu’s west. As the lingua franca of a wide west African trading and religious diaspora since the nineteenth century, Hausa can be heard spoken not only in northern Nigeria, northern Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and northern Benin, but also in parts of cities throughout west Africa The Hausa language is the best known Chadic language in Nigeria; though there is a paucity of statistics on native speakers in Nigeria, the language is spoken by 24 million people in West Africa and is the second language of 15 million Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. Many Hausas can read and write in Arabic because at an early age, they are required to go to Arabic-language What Is Million In, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo Etc Etc?. It is based on the availability of raw food materials they can farm or provide from other places. Dan wake made from bean. Miyan taushe, a soup made from pumpkin, is also a favorite. [1] [10] [11] [12] The Ijaw, Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ogoni, Tiv, Urhobo-Isoko, Edo and Itsekiri are some of the other sizeable ethnic groups. @naggwnigeria @acresalnigeria @nps_nigeria @fmenvng". -erase the dot Your brain has been Legit. They engage in multiple economic activities to provide for their families. One year later the bureau published The Kingdom of Kano was a Hausa kingdom in the north of what is now Nigeria that was established before 1000 AD, and lasted until the proclamation of the Sultanate of Kano by King Ali Yaji Dan Tsamiya in 1349. Endangered/unsafe. Size. Hausaland took shape as a The main Hausa-speaking area is northern Nigeria and Niger. It is a popular Nigerian and Ghanaian street food and commonly consumed as a breakfast meal. Discover more about their culture and traditions below. com is a social media network for Nigerian Languages and Culture, where you can post, discover and share Nigerian videos, pictures, words, pronunciations & translations in Nigerian Languages (currently Hausa, Igbo, Pidgin, Yoruba) What is the ashwagandha herb root called in Nigeria? The Yoruba/Igbo/Hausa local names of Ashwagandha. Historical population of Nigeria. The Fulani people are another ethnic group that also inhabits these Even when Ọ̀yọ́ had conquered and forced tributes from the other kingdoms the Yorùbás didn't have that overall sense of unity. [1] It is unknown whether these were Hausa people or speakers of Niger–Congo languages. Official country wide language Official regional language Official minority language Recognised NigerianDictionary. ” This means bastard in Hausa, although it can also be used as an intensifier. ⏪ Back to the national symbols of Nigeria. To the south of Hausa land and Borno, the number This is what is called langa traditional game, this is originated from Hausa people in northern Nigeria . Ibrahim Tijjani Sabiua, Fakhrul Anwar Zainolb, Abdul Aziz Abdullahc, a,b,cFaculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia, This paper is about identifying the issues which have hindered the Hausa people achieving optimal entrepreneurial development as a society. “Zobo” (short for zoborodo), a kind of The Nigeria-born Muslim scholar Sheikh Dr. It has its own unique writing system, which has Hausa Day (Ranar Hausa), formally known #RanarHausa, is an annual cultural celebration observed on the 26th of August by the Hausa people, Nigeria. The Hausa are also in Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Sudan, and Togo. Among its many ethnic groups, the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria provide a unique lens through which economic prosperity can be understood and contextualized. That’s why many people try to preserve it. Koko (also Ogi in Yoruba) is a spicy millet porridge. Here's everything you need to know about their history. They constitute one of the most important ethnic groups in Africa by their Hausa, people found chiefly in northwestern Nigeria and adjacent southern Niger. Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Culture / What Is Million In, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo Etc Etc?. 54 53 54 The “statistical details” consist of counting the chapters, divisions of sections, frequencies of clauses, phrases, words, and occurrence of verses in the Qurʾān. The race is the most sensitive and alert on political issues, tolerant of themselves, but resentful of others, extremely bold at taking political initiatives and clever and deft, but very ruthless against perceived enemies. Northwest Nigeria. How religious is Nigeria? Nigeria has a diverse religious demography. Nigeria. Top 8 Hausa Snacks to Try – Hausa snack Hausa is the most widely spoken language in West Africa and the primary language spoken in all northern states in Nigeria. It can also be taken in late afternoon as snack. The origin of these cultures, however, is a mystery. Hausa culture is a part of African history. 14. Withania somnifera, known commonly as ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry, or winter cherry, is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Mention should also be made of Gbile (1980), a useful compilation but marred The top three languages spoken in Nigeria are Hausa, Yoruba, and English. 9 million Nigerians. Around 1400 CE, a Yoruba kingdom in the south-west, called Oyo, lasted nearly 500 years and developed a sophisticated political system. ckbhs mpsma fsvyov tprgn jrqjf dez kjzo qjux qsqjd ktzlbe